EUR-Charts

The box in the third row at the at the right hand side entitled “Exclusionary abuses:” must read:

Exclusionary abuses:
Exclusion of competitors, Guidelines on abusive exclusionary conduct (2026)

E.g.:

• Refusal to supply a competitor with an essential raw material; Commercial Solvents (1974);
• Refusal to grant access to so-called “essential facilities”; Bronner (1998), IMS Health (2004), Android Auto (2025);
• Predatory pricing, i.e. prices below average variable costs imposed in order to eliminate a competitor and later be able to raise prices; AKZO Chemie (1991);
• Taking over a patent licence, thereby frustrating other competitors’ attempts at entering the market; Tetra Pak Rausing (1990);
• Pay-for-delay strategies; Generics (2020);
• Exclusive dealing; Unilever Italia (2023).