• Communication from the Commission: Guidelines on the application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, C(2026) 6118 final

• Additional Charts on selected secondary legislation:

–

On the EU AI Act

Chart 8|70-1

https://www.eur-charts.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/eur-charts_ch8-70.1-AI-Act_v01.pdf

In a letter to the editor published in the news magazine “The Economist” of 14 May 2005, a reader wrote the following: “I believe that the citizens of the European Union would be best served if the next expansion of the EU was not to the east but rather to the west, to incorporate Canada […]. The advantages for both parties are too significant to ignore.” What do you think about the chances of applications for membership from countries such as Canada, Azerbaijan and Israel, in the event that they should wish to apply?

Suggested solution:

This question concerns the so-called EU enlargement or the joining of the EU by new Member States. Art. 49 TEU states two basic conditions for applications for EU membership: the State in question must be “European” and it must respect the Union’s fundamental values referred to in Art. 2 TEU. The letter by the reader of “The Economist” invites reflections on the term “European” against the background of the enlargement history. For example, it will be remembered that Morocco was told that it is not European within the meaning of the Treaty. On the other hand, Cyprus, an island in the region of Western Asia and an EU Member State since 2004, is considered European. So too is the candidate state Türkiye, the greater part of which is located in Asia Minor. The enlargement history shows that the meaning of the term “European” is at least to some degree based on political decisions, rather than exclusively on geographical considerations. In addition, the reference to “the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe” in the preamble to the TEU may indicate that other issues may also play a role.

Geographically speaking, Canada and Israel are definitely not European. Regarding Israel, it may be interesting to note that the Italian prime minister said in February 2010 that he hopes to bring Israel into the EU. However, even if Israel were to be considered European, there would certainly be issues regarding the EU’s fundamental values (i.e. human rights). Regarding Azerbaijan, whilst it is considered a European country (it is a member of the Council of Europe), Human Rights Watch deplores its poor human rights record.

[Relevant Chart: Chart 2/26]

[V.1.3]

Members of the European Parliament (MEP), 2024-2029

In addition to the President 719 members, i.e. in total 720 (Art. 14(2) TEU).* Distribution of seats_:

• Germany 96

• France 81

• Italy 76

• Spain 61

• Poland 53

• Romania 33

• The Netherlands 31

• Belgium 22

• _, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Portugal, Sweden 21 each

• Austria 20

• Bulgaria 17

• Denmark, Finland, Slovakia 15 each

• Ireland 14

• Croatia 12

• Lithuania 11

• Latvia, Slovenia 9 each

• Estonia 7

• Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta 6 each

* With regard to Brexit (see Chart 2/27), the Council adopted a decision on the composition of the European Parliament following the withdrawal of the UK: Decision 2018/937.

Elected by the peoples of all Member States in direct elections for five years. There is no uniform procedure yet (Art. 223(1) TFEU). On the right to vote in special territories of the Member States, see e.g. Spain v UK (2006), concerning the UK and Gibraltar; Eman and Sevinger (2006), concerning the Netherlands and Aruba.

The box in the fourth row, at the bottom, entitled “Political groups in the European Parliament” must read:

Notes:
• The Treaty provisions do not specify which level of the CJEU has jurisdiction of a given procedure. Instead, the TFEU simply speaks about “the Court”. The jurisdiction in a concrete case has to be determined according to the above rules.
• Under Art. 256(3) TFEU, the General Court has jurisdiction to deal with requests for preliminary rulings in specific areas laid down by the Statute; these areas are _defined in Art. 50b of the Statute.

As a consequence:

From the box with the text “Preliminary ruling” at the very right-hand side in the fifth row (the row is marked “Type of procedure“), there needs to be

an additional arrow pointing towards

the box with the text “General Court (GC)” in the sixth row (the row is marked “Courts“).

President

Elected by the European Parliament, upon a proposal from the European Council that takes into account the elections to the European Parliament

In the 2024-2029 Commission, there are _ 6 Executive Vice-Presidents.

The box in the fifth row entitled “Directorates General (DG) of the 2019-2024 Commission” must read:

Google (pending): Case T-612/17 Google v Commission (pending)……….9/29

by:

Google Android (2022): Case T-604/18 Google and Alphabet v Commission (Google Android), ECLI:EU:T:2022:541 (appeal pending: Case C-738/22 P)……….9/29

• Commission Notice: Guidelines on vertical restraints, OJ 2022 C 248/1

• Communication from the Commission: Amendments to the Commission Notice – Supplementary guidelines on vertical restraints in agreements for the sale and repair of motor vehicles and for the distribution of spare parts for motor vehicles, OJ 2023 C 133 I/1

• Commission Guidelines the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2023 C 259/1

• Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130/1 (no longer in force)

• Commission Guidelines the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11/1

• Implementing Decision (EU) 2021/914 on standard contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data to third countries pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ 2021 L 199/31

• Decision of 27 June 2017, AT.39740 – Google Search (Shopping), C(2017) 4444 final

Insert the following entry:

• Decision of 18 July 2018, AT.40099 – Google Android, C(2018) 4761 final

• Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC, OJ 2020 L 409/1 (as amended)

• Directive 2021/1883/EU on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purpose of highly qualified employment, and repealing Council Directive 2009/50/EC, OJ 2021 L 382/1

• Directive (EU) 2024/1499 of 7 May 2024 on standards for equality bodies in the field of equal treatment between persons irrespective of their racial or ethnic origin, equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation between persons irrespective of their religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, equal treatment between women and men in matters of social security and in the access to and supply of goods and services, and amending Directives 2000/43/EC and 2004/113/EC, OJ L, 2024/1499, 29.5.2024

• Directive (EU) 2024/1500 on standards for equality bodies in the field of equal treatment and equal opportunities between women and men in matters of employment and occupation, and amending Directives 2006/54/EC and 2010/41/EU, OJ L, 2024/1500, 29.5.2024

• Directive 2001/82/EC on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products, OJ 2001 L 311/1

• Directive 2009/50/EC on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, OJ 2009 L 155/17 (no longer in force)

• Directive 2010/18/EU implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC, OJ 2010 L 68/13

• Regulation 1407/2013/EU on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid, OJ 2013 L 352/1

Insert the following entries:

• Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC, OJ 2019 L 4/43

• Regulation (EU) 2022/720 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ 2022 L 134/4 (end of validity: 31.5.2034)

• Implementing Regulation 2023/914/EU implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2023 L 119/22

• Regulation (EU) 2023/1066 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ 2023 L 143/9 (end of validity: 30.6.2035)

• Regulation (EU) 2023/1067 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of specialisation agreements, OJ 2023 L 143/20 (end of validity: 30.6.2035)

• Regulation (EU) 2023/2831 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid, OJ L, 2023/2831 (end of validity: 31.12.2030)

• Regulation (EU) 2023/2832 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid granted to undertakings providing services of general economic interest, OJ L 2024/2832 (end of validity: 31.12.2030)

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1263 on the effective coordination of economic policies and on multilateral budgetary surveillance and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97, OJ L, 2024/1263

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1264 amending Regulation (EC) No 1467/97 on speeding up and clarifying the implementation of the excessive deficit procedure, OJ L, 2024/1264, 30.4.2024 Regulation (EC) No 1466/97, OJ L, 2024/1263

• Regulation 906/2009/EC on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices between liner shipping companies (consortia), OJ 2009 L 256/31

• Regulation 330/2010/EU on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ 2010 L 142/1

• Regulation 1217/2010/EU on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ 2010 L 335/36

• Regulation 1218/2010/EU on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of specialisation agreements, OJ 2010 L 335/43

• Regulation 1175/2011/EU amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies, OJ 2011 L 306/12

• Regulation 360/2012/EU on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid granted to undertakings providing services of general economic interest, OJ 2012 L 114/8

• Regulation 1466/97/EC Regulation 1466/97/EC on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies, OJ 1997 L 209/1

• Regulation 802/2004/EC implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133/1

• Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, OJ 2021 L 149/10 (as amended)

Directive 2020/1828
(representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers)

Annex I lists the relevant EU law, including e.g. the GDPR (Regulation 216/679; see Chart 7/24). The previous EU data protection law merely did not preclude the Member States from providing for collective redress; Fashion ID (2019).